What do you understand by ‘communalism

Question

1.    In his essays on India, Marx appears to endorse British rule in India.  If that is so, on what grounds does he justify colonialism?  To what extent does Marx rely on the orientalist construction of Indian history and society in his assessment of British rule in India?

1.    What do you understand by ‘communalism’?  What does ‘communalism’ tell us about how the British thought of Indian society and history?  Using the work of Gyan Pandey, provide an account of some of the principal features of the colonial construction of ‘communalism’.

1.    In the first half of the nineteenth century, sati was to provide one of the principal instances of British intervention in Indian society. Why was sati such an important issue for the British?  Who were the principal parties to the debate on sati as described by Lata Mani and what arguments did they furnish for their respective positions?  And what was the debate on sati really about, according to Lata Mani? 

2.    The British were vastly outnumbered by the Indians, and yet they were able to establish their rule in India and expand their dominions.  They arrived as traders and by the mid-18th century found themselves governing India. What, in your estimation, might be some of the factors that enabled the British to govern India for nearly 200 years?  

There are 4 questions have to be answered. Each question have to be 2 paper, please do not exceed three full pages for each answer. The paper should show evidence that you have done the readings. References within the paper can be in the following form:  Mani, p. 120;  or, similarly, Said, p. 10, following the end of the sentence;